Glyphosate exposure in APP/PS1 primary cortical neurons increases levels of soluble Aβ 40-42 and cytotoxicity. Notably, glyphosate measures correlated positively with TNFα levels. Our analysis revealed that glyphosate infiltrated the brain in a dose-dependent manner and upregulated TNFα in both plasma and brain tissue post-exposure. RNA sequencing was performed on C57BL/6J brain samples to determine changes in the transcriptome. Primary cortical neurons were derived from amyloidogenic APP/PS1 pups to evaluate in vitro changes in Aβ 40-42 burden and cytotoxicity.
Urine, plasma, and brain samples were collected on the final day of dosing for analysis via UPLC–MS and ELISAs.
Mice received either 125, 250, or 500 mg/kg/day of glyphosate, or a vehicle via oral gavage for 14 days. Here, we examined whether glyphosate infiltrates the brain and elevates TNFα levels in 4-month-old C57BL/6J mice. Additionally, reports have shown that glyphosate exposure increases pro-inflammatory cytokines in blood plasma, particularly TNFα. Glyphosate has been shown to cross the blood–brain barrier in in vitro models, but has yet to be verified in vivo. The recent rise in glyphosate application to corn and soy crops correlates positively with increased death rates due to Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Glyphosate, the active ingredient in many commercial herbicides, is the most heavily applied herbicide worldwide. Herbicides are environmental contaminants that have gained much attention due to the potential hazards they pose to human health.
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